FROM THE EDITORS

致编辑

（注：这里“FROM THE EDITORS”是英文标题，直译为“致编辑”或“编辑致读者”，但根据常见译法，“致编辑”更简洁准确。）

不过根据规则，若输入是纯文本标题，直接翻译。所以正确输出为：

致编辑

THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF WRITING A THEORY PAPER: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GETTING STARTED

撰写理论论文的基本要点：起步实用指南

SHERRY M. B. THATCHER University of South Carolina SHERRY M. B. THATCHER 南卡罗来纳大学

GREG FISHER Indiana University 格雷格·费希尔 印第安纳大学

“How can I turn my interesting idea into an impactful theory paper?” they clamor. “I know I have a great idea but I don’t know what to do next,” they say discouragingly. These are common sentiments we often hear as an editor and associate editor at AMR. The goal of this editorial is to provide those scholars and you alike with a series of exercises that will progress an idea into a theory paper. A theory paper is a manuscript that seeks to develop new scientific arguments or extend existing arguments about relationships between units observed or approximated in the empirical world based on concepts and logical connections to answer the questions of “how,” “when,” and “why” (Bacharach, 1989). Although these exercises are geared toward scholars wishing to develop a purely theoretical paper, they are equally valuable to those who are developing the theoretical portion of an empirical paper that seeks to test that theory. Further, we hope that this editorial will be used in doctoral seminars and workshops as a guide to help scholars as they contemplate writing theory papers. “我该如何将有趣的想法转化为有影响力的理论论文？”他们呼吁道。“我知道自己有个很棒的想法，但不知道下一步该怎么做，”他们沮丧地说。作为《AMR》的编辑和副编辑，我们经常听到这样的常见心声。本社论的目标是为这些学者以及像您这样的人提供一系列练习，帮助他们将一个想法逐步发展成一篇理论论文。理论论文是一种旨在基于概念和逻辑联系，针对经验世界中观察或近似的单位之间的关系，发展新的科学论证或扩展现有论证，以回答“如何”、“何时”和“为什么”的问题的手稿（Bacharach，1989）。虽然这些练习主要针对希望撰写纯理论论文的学者，但对于那些正在构建旨在检验理论的实证论文的理论部分的学者来说，这些练习同样有价值。此外，我们希望本社论能在博士研讨班和工作坊中用作指南，帮助学者在构思撰写理论论文时提供帮助。

Theory papers can be challenging to develop and especially tricky to start because you have so much latitude; you are not bound by data or other empirical constraints. As theory papers need to be bold and make clear, substantive theoretical contributions, attempting to get started can be intimidating and overwhelming, especially early in one’s career. Furthermore, as many scholars do not receive conceptual development as part of their graduate school training, they may not have the knowledge base to make even initial progress (Byron & Thatcher, 2016). Advice on how to tackle the development of a theory paper is scattered and can sometimes be contradictory; some people say “jump in and just write,” others call for extensive outlines and iterations, while others say that one should hold off writing a pure theory paper until much later in one’s career. 理论论文的撰写颇具挑战性，尤其是开篇阶段，因为理论研究有极大的自由度，不受数据或其他实证约束的限制。由于理论论文需要大胆提出清晰且实质性的理论贡献，因此动笔伊始可能会令人望而生畏、压力巨大，尤其是在职业生涯初期。此外，许多学者在研究生阶段的训练中并未接受概念发展方面的系统培养，这可能导致他们即便在研究初期也难以取得进展（Byron & Thatcher, 2016）。关于如何着手撰写理论论文的建议零散且有时相互矛盾：有人主张“直接着手写作”，有人强调需要进行详尽的大纲设计与反复修改，还有人认为应等到职业生涯后期再撰写纯粹的理论论文。

The reality is that there are excellent articles and editorials about different elements of theory papers (e.g., Barney, 2018; Cornelissen, 2017; Lange & Pfarrer, 2017; Makadok, Burton, & Barney, 2018; Ragins, 2012). But these articles and editorials can be difficult to translate into practice if writing theory papers is a new experience for you. Further, many of these articles and editorials tend to focus on one element of a theory paper. Our AMR editorial team believes that a holistic experience addressing multiple elements of a theory paper would provide some muchneeded guidance to interested scholars. 现实是，已有不少关于理论论文不同要素的优秀文章和评论（例如 Barney, 2018；Cornelissen, 2017；Lange & Pfarrer, 2017；Makadok, Burton, & Barney, 2018；Ragins, 2012）。但如果撰写理论论文对您而言是新体验，这些文章和评论可能难以转化为实践。此外，许多此类文章和评论往往侧重于理论论文的某一个要素。我们的AMR编辑团队认为，针对理论论文多个要素提供的整体体验，将为感兴趣的学者提供亟需的指导。

To create this holistic perspective, we first collected valuable articles and editorials focused on developing different elements of a theory paper. We “operationalized” each article or editorial into a hands-on exercise. For some elements of a paper with no corresponding editorial guidance, we developed exercises based on our own experiences (i.e., Exercises 1, 3, 6, and 7 in the Online Appendix).1 The paragraphs, figures, and statements that result from this collection of exercises will provide the initial framework upon which you will be able to produce a draft of a theory paper. In fact, these exercises are the foundation for the idea development workshops that the current AMR editorial team is conducting. 为了形成这种整体视角，我们首先收集了聚焦于理论论文不同要素开发的有价值文章和社论。我们将每篇文章或社论“操作化”为实践练习。对于论文中没有相应社论指导的某些要素，我们基于自身经验开发了练习（即《在线附录》中的练习1、3、6和7）¹。这些练习收集后形成的段落、图表和陈述将为你提供初始框架，使你能够撰写理论论文初稿。事实上，这些练习是当前AMR编辑团队正在开展的理念发展研讨会的基础。

The exercises help to clarify, structure, and concretize your ideas—working through them moves you closer to having an initial draft of a theory paper. 这些练习有助于澄清、梳理并具体化你的想法——完成这些练习会让你更接近写出理论论文的初稿。

But, they don’t result in a fully formed draft of the paper. After completing the exercises, you will still need to write the paper, yet you will be in a much stronger position to do so because you will have a clearer perspective of what you are trying to achieve and a greater appreciation for the theoretical apparatus at your disposal to construct and convey your ideas. If you think of a final theory paper as a completed puzzle, then the set of exercises we are going to present to you represent the edge pieces. If you start your puzzle by completing all the edge pieces, then you have a clearer vision for what the puzzle will look like, and you will have delineated the boundaries of the final puzzle. Having done this, you are well positioned to make meaningful progress. 但是，这些练习并不会形成一篇完整的论文草稿。完成练习后，你仍然需要撰写论文，但此时你会处于一个更有利的位置来完成它，因为你对自己想要达成的目标会有更清晰的认识，并且会更充分地理解你可以用来构建和传达自己想法的理论工具。如果你把最终的理论论文看作是一幅已完成的拼图，那么我们将要呈现给你的这些练习就像是拼图的边缘部分。如果你从完成所有边缘部分开始拼这幅拼图，那么你就能更清晰地想象出这幅拼图最终的样子，并且你会明确最终拼图的边界。完成了这一步，你就具备了做出实质性进展的良好基础。

Below, we describe and explain these exercises so that you can utilize them to make progress in translating your ideas into the different elements of a theory paper. In the Online Appendix to this editorial, we provide worksheets that can be used to support and help facilitate working through these exercises. There are three caveats that we would like you to keep in mind as you work through the exercises. First, there is no right or wrong order in which to complete them; we have presented them in an order that makes sense to us, but you may complete them in any order that makes sense to you. Across the editorial team, we find that different team members like to utilize them and present them in a different sequence. Second, you may realize that the information that you generated in a prior exercise is vague or becomes inaccurate or obsolete as your theory development evolves. This is great news! It means that you are making progress, and you should seize the opportunity to go back and re-do or revise an exercise as you clarify your thinking. There is no limit on the number of times you can revise or fully re-do an exercise. Third, some of the exercises have overlaps and some of the information that you capture may feel redundant with respect to what you captured in other exercises. This is intentional. It creates an opportunity for you to assess the clarity of your ideas and to ensure consistency in your articulation of those ideas as you carry them through in developing your manuscript. 下面，我们将描述并解释这些练习，以便你能够利用它们在将你的想法转化为理论论文的不同要素方面取得进展。在本社论的在线附录中，我们提供了工作表，可用于支持和帮助你完成这些练习。在你进行练习时，有三个注意事项需要牢记。首先，完成这些练习没有固定的顺序；我们按照对我们来说合理的顺序呈现它们，但你可以按照对你来说合理的任何顺序完成它们。在整个编辑团队中，我们发现不同的团队成员喜欢以不同的顺序使用和呈现这些练习。其次，你可能会发现，随着理论发展的推进，你在先前练习中生成的信息变得模糊、不准确或过时。这是个好消息！这意味着你正在取得进展，你应该抓住机会，在你理清思路时回过头去重做或修改某个练习。你可以修改或完全重做某个练习的次数没有限制。第三，有些练习之间存在重叠，你记录的某些信息可能与你在其他练习中记录的内容感觉重复。这是有意为之的。它为你提供了一个机会，在你撰写手稿的过程中评估你的想法的清晰度，并确保你对这些想法的表述保持一致性。

In this editorial, we describe seven separate exercises, and each centers on a different aspect of the theory paper-development process. These exercises— and the structure, focus, and clarity they engender for your ideas—constitute the basic “nuts and bolts” that hold a theory paper together. We hope they will serve you well as you create the framework for translating your ideas into a theory paper. 在这篇社论中，我们描述了七个独立的练习，每个练习都围绕理论论文撰写过程的不同方面展开。这些练习——以及它们为你的观点带来的结构、重点和清晰度——构成了支撑一篇理论论文的基本“核心要素”。我们希望在你构建将观点转化为理论论文的框架时，这些练习能对你有所帮助。

EXERCISE 1: PATHS TO MAKING A THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTION

练习 1：做出理论贡献的路径

The purpose of this exercise is to help you determine the type of theoretical contribution you would like to make with the paper that you are developing, and to allow you to identify other, high-impact exemplar articles that have achieved a similar purpose. Such exemplar articles can serve as inspiration and a source of insight throughout the theory development process. We have provided a couple of exemplar articles in our discussion but we encourage you to read AMR more widely to find exemplars that may be most beneficial to you. 本练习的目的是帮助你确定你希望在正在撰写的论文中做出的理论贡献类型，并让你能够识别其他具有类似目的的高影响力范例文章。这些范例文章可以在整个理论发展过程中作为灵感和见解的来源。我们在讨论中提供了几篇范例文章，但我们鼓励你更广泛地阅读AMR（假设此处为特定领域术语或缩写，保留原样），以找到对你最有益的范例。

There are four primary paths to making a theoretical contribution in AMR. The first is the development of new theory, which necessitates the generation of a novel theoretical idea, one that has not previously been presented in the literature (examples are McMullen & Shepherd, 2006, and Ashforth & Mael, 1989). The second path is challenging or enhancing existing theory. Taking this path requires building off a previously developed theory and substantially advancing it with new ideas and extensions, or, alternatively, challenging some of its fundamental concepts and assumptions and offering plausible theoretical alternatives (an exemplar is Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997). The third path entails synthesizing divergent ideas or literatures into fresh theory. This path calls for stretching across previously disparate theoretical domains and integrating ideas from these different domains to generate new theoretical insights (see Suchman, 1995, for a good exemplar). The final path is putting forth ideas and approaches for improving the process of theory development in management and organizational studies. Engaging in this line of thinking may entail outlining ways to generate novel and impactful theoretical insights in empirical studies, or it may specify new approaches to constructing and conveying conceptual insights (exemplars include Eisenhardt, 1989, and Furnari, Crilly, Misangyi, Greckhamer, Fiss, & Aguilera, 2021). 在AMR（组织与管理研究中的理论贡献）中，有四条主要路径可以做出理论贡献。第一条是发展新理论，这需要生成一个新颖的理论观点，而该观点之前在文献中从未被提出过（例如McMullen & Shepherd, 2006，以及Ashforth & Mael, 1989）。第二条路径是挑战或完善现有理论。选择这条路径需要基于先前发展的理论，并通过新思想和扩展来实质性地推进它，或者，也可以挑战其一些基本概念和假设，并提出合理的理论替代方案（一个范例是Mitchell, Agle, & Wood, 1997）。第三条路径需要将不同的思想或文献综合成新的理论。这条路径要求跨越之前不同的理论领域，并整合来自这些不同领域的思想，以产生新的理论见解（如Suchman, 1995的优秀范例）。最后一条路径是提出改进管理和组织研究中理论发展过程的思想和方法。从事这一思路可能需要概述在实证研究中生成新颖且有影响力的理论见解的方法，或者可能具体说明构建和传达概念见解的新方法（范例包括Eisenhardt, 1989，以及Furnari, Crilly, Misangyi, Greckhamer, Fiss, & Aguilera, 2021）。

Step 1

步骤 1

Consider your idea and the direction you wish to go. Do you intend to generate new theory, challenge or enhance existing theory, synthesize divergent literatures into fresh theory, or put forth an approach for improving the process of theory development? Think through this choice carefully, justify your decision to yourself, and then write out the justification, as writing can clarify your thinking (Ragins, 2012). 考虑你的想法以及你希望前进的方向。你打算生成新理论、挑战或完善现有理论、将不同的文献综合成新理论，还是提出一种改进理论发展过程的方法？仔细思考这个选择，向自己证明你的决定是合理的，然后写出这个理由，因为写作可以理清你的思路（Ragins，2012）。

Step 2

步骤 2

Once you have determined the primary path that you intend to adopt to make a theoretical contribution, it is useful to search for exemplar articles that have pursued a similar path. 一旦你确定了打算采用的用于理论贡献的主要路径，寻找那些采用了类似路径的范例文章会很有帮助。

An exemplar is a document already in the literature that accomplishes the kind of task that you are trying to accomplish in an effective way. (Huff, 1999: 55) 示例（exemplar）是文献中已存在的一种文档，它以有效的方式完成了你试图完成的任务类型。（Huff, 1999: 55）

In her excellent book Writing for Scholarly Publication, Anne Huff (1999) has described how exemplar articles can be used to speed up one’s understanding of key conventions in a journal or scholarly domain; they serve as a guide to help structure and solve problems in writing, while also providing a springboard for innovating beyond structures used by others. We recommend that you identify at least two impactful exemplar articles. They don’t need to address the same subject or build off the same theory as your paper in development; in fact, as Huff (1999: 55) noted, “it is often helpful to look for examples of similar work outside of your domain of interest.” You are merely interested in the template or blueprint of how your chosen path is presented. 在她的优秀著作《学术出版写作》中，安妮·哈夫（Anne Huff，1999）描述了如何利用范例文章来加快对期刊或学术领域关键惯例的理解；它们作为指南，帮助构建和解决写作中的问题，同时也为突破他人使用的结构进行创新提供跳板。我们建议你至少找出两篇有影响力的范例文章。它们不需要与你正在撰写的论文探讨相同的主题或基于相同的理论；事实上，正如哈夫（1999：55）所指出的，“寻找你感兴趣领域之外的类似研究范例往往会很有帮助。”你只需要关注你所选研究路径的呈现模板或蓝图。

Step 3

步骤 3

Having identified exemplar articles that have pursued a similar path to the one you wish to pursue, carefully study each of them and make notes on their key elements, lessons, insights, and conventions. Examine each article from a big picture structuring and flow perspective and then consider it on a micro level, in terms of transitions, word usage, and utilization of figures and tables. We use exemplars to support our own writing and theory development processes, we insist that our doctoral students do so, and we encourage you to do the same. 在确定了与你希望遵循的路径相似的范例文章后，仔细研究每一篇，并记录它们的关键要素、经验教训、见解和惯例。从整体结构和逻辑流程的角度审视每篇文章，然后从微观层面考虑，包括过渡、用词以及图表的使用。我们用范例来支持自己的写作和理论发展过程，坚持要求我们的博士生这样做，并鼓励你也这样做。

Different articles may be exemplars in distinct ways. For example, you may like the theoretical development approach in one article and the organization of the discussion section in another article. As you work through the exemplars you have identified, make notes of the elements that you like about each of them. Isolating the helpful elements from each exemplar article will allow you to craft a paper that uses effective styles in your own unique way. 不同文章可能以不同方式成为范例。例如，你可能喜欢某篇文章的理论发展方法，而另一篇文章的讨论部分组织方式。在研究你已确定的范例时，记录下你喜欢的每个范例的要素。从每个范例文章中分离出有用的要素，将使你能够以自己独特的方式运用有效风格来撰写论文。

EXERCISE 2: THEORY-BUILDING APPARATUS

练习 2：理论构建工具

This exercise is designed to help you identify and pin down the main components of your theoretical contribution. The exercise draws on key insights from an article entitled “A Practical Guide for Making Theory Contributions in Strategic Management” by Makadok et al. (2018). Although they wrote the article with strategic management scholars in mind, the core ideas apply to all management theory contributions. They noted that most theory contributions “extend, clarify, or apply received theories in new and interesting ways,” and they then go on to “offer a guide on how to make these kinds of contributions to theory” (Makadok et al., 2018: 1530). To effectively complete the following exercise, it is important to first read the Makadok et al. (2018) article, and then to keep a copy of it handy as you work through the prompts below. The prompts nudge you to decompose your proposed theory into its component parts, such that you can properly specify and understand these component parts before writing them up in a draft paper. 这个练习旨在帮助你识别并明确你理论贡献的主要组成部分。该练习借鉴了Makadok等人（2018）一篇题为《战略管理中理论贡献的实用指南》的文章中的关键见解。尽管他们撰写这篇文章时主要考虑的是战略管理学者，但核心思想适用于所有管理理论贡献。他们指出，大多数理论贡献“以新颖有趣的方式扩展、澄清或应用既有理论”，并进而“提供了一份如何做出这类理论贡献的指南”（Makadok et al., 2018: 1530）。要有效完成以下练习，首先阅读Makadok等人（2018）的文章至关重要，并且在完成下面的提示时手边要备有该文章的副本。这些提示会引导你将你提出的理论分解为各个组成部分，以便在撰写草稿论文之前，能够正确地明确和理解这些组成部分。

Makadok and colleagues (2018: 1530) emphasized that making a theoretical contribution “usually begins with a research question, which can come from the phenomenon of interest, variations/limitations of existing theory, or intellectual creativity.” Then, to address this question, the theorist should specify and utilize the six levers that constitute elements of a theory: (1) the mode of theorizing, (2) the level of analysis, (3) an understanding of the underlying phenomenon, (4) causal mechanisms, (5) constructs and variables, and (6) boundary conditions. These six levers then combine to generate “a set of outcomes in the form of explanations, predictions, or prescriptions.” Makadok及其同事（2018：1530）强调，做出理论贡献“通常始于一个研究问题，而该问题可能来自感兴趣的现象、现有理论的变体/局限性或智力创造力”。然后，为解决这一问题，理论家应明确并运用构成理论要素的六个杠杆：（1）理论化的方式，（2）分析层面，（3）对潜在现象的理解，（4）因果机制，（5）构念和变量，以及（6）边界条件。这六个杠杆随后结合产生“一组以解释、预测或规定形式呈现的结果”。

To apply these ideas to your own theory development process, we recommend that, after reading the Makadok et al. (2018) article, you aim to complete the following eight statements: 为了将这些理念应用到您自己的理论发展过程中，我们建议您在阅读 Makadok 等人（2018）的文章后，尝试完成以下八个陈述：

1. The research question I seek to address is …
   我试图解决的研究问题是……

2. The primary modes of theorizing I will adopt are… (how)

3. 我将采用的主要理论构建方式是……（如何）

4. The primary level of analysis for my theorizing is … (who)

5. 我理论化分析的主要层面是……（谁）

6. The phenomenon that I am interested in is … (where)

7. 我感兴趣的现象是……（在那里）

8. The primary causal mechanisms underlying relationships in my theorizing are … (why)

9. 我理论中关系背后的主要因果机制是……（为什么）

10. The core constructs or variables in my theorizing are … (what)

11. 我理论中的核心结构或变量是……（什么）

12. The boundary conditions of my proposed theory are… (when)

13. 我提出的理论的边界条件是……（当……时）

14. The output of my theorizing will be … (explanations, predictions, prescriptions)

15. 我的理论研究成果将包括……（解释、预测、建议）

In addition to the information provided in the original article, there are a few things to keep in mind as you work through this exercise. First, you might not be able to answer all these statements immediately. You may need to do some reading, engage in careful thinking, and possibly enlist coauthors and other scholars to figure out the answers to these questions. Second, the answers to these statements may change as you complete the other exercises. Remember, writing down a response does not lock you into that response as your theory development process advances. Developing theory is a dynamic, consultative, and iterative process, and hence it is expected that some of these answers will change over time. Finally, some of these statements may not be relevant to you. For example, if you do not present a causal model, then you may not need to present causal mechanisms. Or, if your article is putting forth ideas and approaches for improving the process of theory development in management and organizational studies, then it will not be necessary to describe your core constructs. However, for many theory papers, most of these levers will apply, and you should tackle them even if they are difficult to specify. 除了原始文章中提供的信息外，在完成本练习时还有几点需要牢记。首先，你可能无法立即回答所有这些陈述。你可能需要进行一些阅读，进行仔细思考，并可能征求合著者和其他学者的意见来找出这些问题的答案。其次，随着你完成其他练习，这些陈述的答案可能会发生变化。请记住，写下一个回应并不意味着你会被锁定在该回应中，因为你的理论发展过程会不断推进。发展理论是一个动态的、咨询性的、迭代的过程，因此预计其中一些答案会随着时间的推移而改变。最后，其中一些陈述可能与你无关。例如，如果你不提出因果模型，那么你可能不需要提出因果机制。或者，如果你的文章提出了改进管理和组织研究中理论发展过程的想法和方法，那么描述你的核心结构可能就没有必要。然而，对于许多理论论文来说，大多数这些要素都会适用，即使难以具体说明，你也应该去处理它们。

EXERCISE 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND FOUNDATION

练习3：理论背景与基础

This exercise is designed to focus your attention on the key literatures that are foundational to your theorizing. All theorizing builds off concepts, theories, and ideas that already exist in the literature; it is important to know the literatures that are central to what you intend to do so that you not only build on the literatures but you engage with the research. 本练习旨在让你关注那些构成你理论构建基础的核心文献。所有理论构建都是基于文献中已存在的概念、理论和观点展开的；了解那些对你的研究目标至关重要的文献非常重要，这样你不仅能在这些文献的基础上进行拓展，还能参与到相关研究中。

Ideas from too many literatures can lead to confusion, complexity, and unclear theorizing, whereas ideas from a single literature realm tend to result in incremental theorizing. We have found that there tends to be a sweet spot between two and four literatures. Identifying prior work within each of the literature domains will serve your theorizing and pinpoint the relevant aspects of that work for your theorizing. This exercise essentially comprises three steps, as follows: 过多文献中的观点会导致混乱、复杂和理论不清晰，而单一文献领域的观点往往会产生渐进式的理论。我们发现，在两到四个文献之间存在一个最佳平衡点。识别每个文献领域内的先前研究将有助于你的理论构建，并为你的理论构建明确该研究的相关方面。这一练习本质上包括三个步骤，如下所示：

Step 1

步骤 1

Identify the two, maybe three, possibly four literatures that are foundational to your theorizing. Specify each of these literatures. 确定两本、或许三本、可能四本对你的理论构建具有奠基意义的文献。指明每一本这些文献。

Step 2

步骤 2

For each literature that you identify, list three to five critical references. These references could be seminal papers, review papers, or papers that you will target during your theory development section. 对于你识别的每篇文献，列出三到五篇关键参考文献。这些参考文献可以是开创性论文、综述论文，或者是你在理论发展部分将要重点参考的论文。

Step 3

步骤3

For each literature that you identify, describe the key insights that will serve as input for your theorizing. Specify what it is from each literature that you will use to develop your theory. 对于你识别的每一篇文献，描述将作为你理论构建输入的关键见解。明确你将从每篇文献中使用哪些内容来发展你的理论。

When doing this exercise, it is important to keep in mind that the insights generated should reflect how the literature helps you in reinforcing, elaborating, or developing your theoretical perspective. The insights should not just be regurgitated information contained in the abstract or discussion section of a foundational paper! The insights that you list should be specific and valuable to what you ultimately wish to say; they should reflect how you plan to integrate the literature into the contribution that you will make. Your voice should be heard. 在完成这项练习时，重要的是要记住，所产生的见解应反映出文献如何帮助你强化、阐述或发展你的理论视角。这些见解不应仅仅是对一篇基础性论文的摘要或讨论部分中内容的重复！你列出的见解应该具体且对你最终想要表达的内容有价值；它们应该反映出你计划如何将文献整合到你将做出的贡献中。你的声音应该被听到。

In carrying out this exercise, it is highly unlikely that no previous literature exists around your topic of interest. While a few naïve scholars may initially assume this to be the case, with some conscientious searching, it is almost always possible to uncover prior work that can serve as a foundation for your topic of interest. Furthermore, don’t hesitate to build on literatures outside of typical management and organizational study domains. Literatures that inform your theory could come from other disciplines, and, many times, some of the most intriguing theoretical contributions integrate concepts from other domains. For example, Keeler and Cortina’s (2020) paper, which won the AMR Best Article Award, incorporated key ideas from music literature as foundational to its theorizing. The underlying goal of this exercise is for you to determine which conversation you want to enter and to identify the set of literatures that gives you access to that conversation. 在开展这项工作时，你感兴趣的主题几乎不可能完全没有相关的既有文献。虽然一些肤浅的学者最初可能会认为情况确实如此，但通过一些认真的检索，几乎总能找到可作为你感兴趣主题研究基础的前期工作。此外，不要犹豫，要借鉴典型管理和组织研究领域之外的文献。那些能为你的理论提供信息的文献可能来自其他学科，而且很多时候，一些最引人入胜的理论贡献会整合其他领域的概念。例如，获得AMR最佳论文奖的Keeler和Cortina（2020）的论文，将音乐文献中的关键思想作为其理论构建的基础。这项工作的根本目标是让你确定你想要参与的学术对话，并识别能让你参与该对话的一系列文献。

EXERCISE 4: THEORY DEVELOPMENT

练习 4：理论发展

This exercise is designed to clarify the nature and form of your theoretical contribution. It allows you to develop and specify a big picture perspective of what you intend to write about in your theory paper. Although the previous exercises have given you some insight into how you are bounding your contribution, and what apparatus you might use to do so, this exercise requires precision in communicating your theory development process. 本练习旨在阐明你理论贡献的本质和形式。它能让你逐步形成并明确你在理论论文中打算阐述的整体视角。尽管之前的练习已让你对如何界定自己的贡献以及可能使用何种工具来界定有了一定认识，但本练习要求你在阐述理论发展过程时做到精准。

The exercise builds off the ideas put forth by Cornelissen (2017), who described three common styles of theorizing that are often used in a theory manuscript: propositional style, narrative style, and typological style. To identify your intended style as well as the nature and form of your theoretical contribution, you should first read Cornelissen’s (2017) editorial and then carry out the following steps: 该练习基于科内利森（Cornelissen，2017）提出的观点展开，他描述了理论手稿中常用的三种常见理论构建风格：命题式、叙事式和类型学式。为了明确你预期的风格以及理论贡献的性质和形式，你应该首先阅读科内利森（2017）的社论，然后执行以下步骤：

Step 1

步骤 1

Identify your primary style of theorizing and discuss the rationale for your choice. 确定你主要的理论构建风格，并讨论你选择该风格的依据。

Step 2

步骤 2

Draw a visual that represents the essence of your theory at this point in the theory development process. This could be a figure or a table that reflects your key ideas. For a proposition-based figure, clearly label the constructs and their relationships. Having a separate sheet of definitions that correspond to your constructs is helpful. For a narrative style, your visual will likely be in the form of a process flow diagram. A typology is more likely to be captured and reflected in a table or perhaps a figure with clearly labeled axes and categories. 绘制一个能体现你当前理论发展阶段核心思想的可视化图表。这可以是一个反映你关键观点的图形或表格。对于基于命题的图形，要清晰标注构念及其关系。准备一份与你的构念相对应的独立定义表会很有帮助。对于叙事风格，你的可视化可能会是流程图的形式。类型学更可能通过表格或带有清晰标注坐标轴和类别的图形来呈现和反映。

Step 3

步骤 3

Share your visual (figure and/or table) with others, such as with a colleague or a mentor. We recognize that this is a scary proposition, but it is one of the most important things you can do to improve your theorizing. Ask this colleague or mentor for their interpretation of your visual without your input. If their interpretation is inconsistent with your idea, explain your thinking, and then ask them how the visual could be clarified. By merely talking through your ideas with others, you are likely to substantially advance your thinking and learn how to better communicate your idea. 与他人（如同事或导师）分享你的可视化内容（图表和/或表格）。我们知道这可能是个令人不安的提议，但这是你改进理论构建的最重要的事情之一。在没有你参与的情况下，向这位同事或导师询问他们对你可视化内容的解读。如果他们的解读与你的想法不一致，解释你的思路，然后询问他们如何能让可视化内容更清晰。仅仅通过与他人讨论你的想法，你就有可能大幅推进自己的思考，并学会如何更好地传达你的想法。

Although we have referenced several ways to visually portray your ideas (e.g., figures or tables), you may come up with alternative approaches. If this is the case, it is even more important that you ask for feedback, as new approaches may be less intuitive to readers. 虽然我们已经提到了几种可视化呈现您想法的方式（例如图表或表格），但您也可以提出其他方法。如果是这样的话，寻求反馈就更为重要了，因为新的方法对读者来说可能不那么直观。

EXERCISE 5: THEORY PAPER INTRODUCTION

练习5：理论论文引言

Introductions are one of the most difficult sections of a manuscript to write. They must be compelling, informative, and relatively short. In other words, you must have a clear understanding of your theoretical contribution and how it fits into the current conversation. For this reason, we suggest engaging in this exercise after the other four exercises, because the previous exercises should provide you with the information you need to write a clear introduction. 引言是手稿中最难撰写的部分之一。它们必须有吸引力、信息丰富且相对简短。换句话说，你必须清楚地了解自己的理论贡献以及它如何融入当前的学术讨论中。因此，我们建议在完成其他四个练习后再进行这项练习，因为之前的练习应该能为你提供撰写清晰引言所需的信息。

Two recent AMR editorials have provided advice on how to write a clear introduction for a theory paper (Barney, 2018; Lange & Pfarrer, 2017). We’ve used these editorials as the basis for following two exercises (labeled Exercise 5A and Exercise 5B). You can do either or both of these exercises to help you structure a compelling introduction. 两篇最近的AMR社论提供了关于如何为理论论文撰写清晰引言的建议（Barney, 2018；Lange & Pfarrer, 2017）。我们以这些社论为基础设计了以下两个练习（分别标记为练习5A和练习5B）。你可以选择完成其中一个或两个练习，以帮助你构建一个有说服力的引言。

Exercise 5A

练习5A

Exercise 5A is based on the Lange and Pfarrer (2017) editorial entitled “Sense and Structure: The Core Building Blocks of an AMR Article.” We suggest that you read the editorial and then carry out the exercise as follows: 练习5A基于Lange和Pfarrer（2017）发表的题为“意义与结构：AMR文章的核心构建块”的社论。我们建议你阅读该社论，然后按以下步骤完成练习：

Step 1 Write out three or four bullet points in response to each of the following statements: 步骤1：针对以下每个陈述，写出三到四个要点。

common ground—“From prior research, we know that …” complication—“Yet, a complication comes about because …” concern—“This complication is of concern because …” course of action—“The course of action to address this concern entails … "
common ground—“从先前的研究中，我们知道……” complication—“然而，出现了一个复杂情况，因为……” concern—“这个复杂情况令人担忧，因为……” course of action—“解决这一担忧的行动方案包括……”

− contribution—“This paper contributes to the literature by …” − 贡献——“本文为相关研究文献做出了贡献，通过……”

Step 2 Use the bullet points you created in Step 1 to draft a paragraph in response to each of the statements in Step 1. According to Lange and Pfarrer (2017), these paragraphs constitute the five key elements of a paper’s introduction. 步骤 2 使用你在步骤 1 中创建的要点，针对步骤 1 中的每一条陈述起草一段回应。根据 Lange 和 Pfarrer（2017）的研究，这些段落构成了论文引言的五个关键要素。

Exercise 5B

练习5B

Exercise 5B is based on Barney’s (2018) editorial entitled “Positioning a Theory Paper for Publication.” In the editorial, Barney presented a concrete, three-paragraph structure for writing a theory paper introduction. We suggest that you read the editorial, and then carry out the exercise as follows: 练习5B基于Barney（2018）题为“定位理论论文以便发表”的社论。在该社论中，Barney提出了一个具体的三段式结构，用于撰写理论论文的引言。我们建议您阅读该社论，然后按以下步骤完成练习：

Step 1 Write out three or four bullet points in response to each of the following prompts: 步骤 1 针对以下每个提示，写出三到四个要点。

paragraph 1—“The conversation I want to join is … ,, I have been listening to this conversation and these are its main elements .. paragraph 2—“However, an unresolved theoretical issue in the conversation is … " The reasons for writing a new theory paper include …
我想参与的对话是……，我一直在倾听这场对话，这些是其主要内容……
然而，这场对话中存在一个未解决的理论问题…… 撰写一篇新理论论文的原因包括……

paragraph 3—“The purpose of this paper is to …” $\bigcirc$ The paper will pursue this purpose as follows … The purpose of this paper is to … 本文的目的是…… The paper will pursue this purpose as follows … 本文将按以下方式实现这一目的……

Step 2 Use the bullet points you created in Step 1 to draft your three-paragraph introduction. 步骤 2 使用你在步骤 1 中创建的要点来起草你的三段式介绍。

You may choose to complete one or both of the exercises. Completing both Exercise 5A and Exercise 5B is likely to help you improve the clarity with which you communicate your contribution. The version of the introduction you actually use for your manuscript will be based on your personal preference and the contributions that you are making. It is not necessary that you create only five-paragraph or three-paragraph introductions; however, the purpose of these editorials and these exercises is to help you concentrate on the key elements that are required in an introduction. 你可以选择完成一个或两个练习。完成练习5A和练习5B这两个练习可能有助于你提高沟通贡献时的清晰度。你实际用于手稿的引言版本将基于你的个人偏好以及你所做的贡献。创建仅五段或三段的引言并非必要；不过，这些社论和练习的目的是帮助你专注于引言中所需的关键要素。

EXERCISE 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

练习 6：讨论与结论

Due to the abstract and generalizable nature of theoretical contributions, it is crucially important to communicate the relevance and value of your contributions to the broader management and organizational field. We are often asked questions like, “How important is it to spend time on the discussion section?” and “I’ve already said all the important stuff in my theory development section; why do I have to repeat it?” Your paper’s discussion and conclusion sections should not be a repeat of what you have already written or a rehash of the introduction. They should help readers understand how your contributions can push the field in numerous ways. They should excite readers and make them think, This is so interesting! Now, whenever I think of this literature or phenomenon or issue, I will think about it differently than I have in the past.” 由于理论贡献具有抽象性和可推广性，因此向更广泛的管理和组织领域传达你的贡献的相关性和价值至关重要。我们经常被问到这样的问题：“花时间讨论部分有多重要？”以及“我已经在理论发展部分说了所有重要内容；为什么我还要重复它？”你的论文的讨论和结论部分不应该重复你已经写过的内容，也不应该是引言的重复。它们应该帮助读者理解你的贡献如何以多种方式推动该领域发展。它们应该让读者感到兴奋并引发思考：“这太有趣了！现在，每当我想到这篇文献、现象或问题时，我都会以与过去不同的方式来思考它。”

To help you figure out what to include in the discussion section, we have created an exercise that prompts you to capture key elements of this section of your theory paper. 为了帮助你确定讨论部分应包含的内容，我们设计了一个练习，引导你捕捉理论论文这一部分的关键要素。

Element 1: Summary

要素1：总结

Briefly summarize your theoretical development(s). Write out four to six bullet points that capture the essence of the theoretical ideas put forth in the paper. 简要总结你的理论发展。写出四到六个要点，概括论文中提出的理论思想的核心内容。

Element 2: Theoretical Contributions

元素 2：理论贡献

Using bullet points, lay out the key theoretical insights you have developed. These should be based on your theory developments, but should describe how they extend, change, or alter current theoretical views. This is the most substantive portion of the discussion section, so take the time to develop and capture the most compelling ideas here. These insights should be “matched” to the contributions listed in your introduction, but, now that the reader has read your manuscript, you can make them more generalizable. 使用项目符号列出你提出的关键理论见解。这些见解应基于你的理论发展，但需描述它们如何拓展、改变或修正当前的理论观点。这是讨论部分最核心的内容，因此请花时间深入阐述并捕捉最具说服力的观点。这些见解应与你在引言中列出的贡献“对应”起来，但现在读者已阅读你的手稿，你可以让这些见解更具普遍性。

Element 3: Practical Contributions

元素 3：实际贡献

Using bullet points, list how your theoretical development(s) matter for real life, be this for managers, policy-makers, or social activists, to mention a few. Your insights might link to a key complication, concern, or phenomenon described in your introduction. 使用项目符号列出你的理论发展如何对现实生活产生影响，例如对管理者、政策制定者或社会活动家等。你的见解可能与你在引言中描述的某个关键复杂性、关注点或现象相关联。

Element 4: Opportunities for Future Research

元素4：未来研究的机会

Provide your readers with a roadmap of potential future studies or areas of inquiry. Create a list of what scholars might do with what you have presented. Get them excited to build off your work. The more you are able to provide readers with ideas that build off of your theorizing, the more important your work will become to the conversation. 为你的读者提供一份潜在未来研究或探究领域的路线图。列出学者们可能基于你所呈现的内容开展的工作。激发他们拓展你的研究成果。你越能为读者提供基于你的理论构建的想法，你的研究在学术对话中就会变得越重要。

Element 5: Conclusion

元素5：结论

Do not just end your manuscript; provide your readers with a “farewell” conclusion paragraph that punctuates the value of your manuscript. For this element, prepare three bullet points that contain the most important message of your manuscript and a strong ending sentence that will stay with the reader. Some authors use this final sentence as a way to link back to the title or to an example that was widely used in the manuscript. Other authors use it as an opportunity to express excitement about the future research to come out of their theorizing. 不要仅仅结束你的手稿；为你的读者提供一个“告别”式的结论段落，以强调你的手稿的价值。对于这个部分，准备三个包含你手稿最重要信息的要点，以及一个能让读者铭记的有力结尾句。一些作者将这个结尾句用作与标题相呼应的方式，或者与手稿中广泛使用的例子相联系。另一些作者则将其作为表达对基于他们的理论未来研究的兴奋之情的机会。

Although it is crucial to include these five elements in the discussion section, the first four do not have to be in the order presented here. For example, you might discuss Element 4 before Element 3 if your opportunities for future research flow directly from your theoretical contribution section. The challenge here is to ground the discussion section in your theoretical development, such that the discussion section builds off the theoretical ideas that you have put forth and creates excitement about those ideas. When authors discuss issues that are not related to their theoretical contributions, reviewers question their understanding of the literature. And, when authors create a discussion section that is blatantly repetitive, reviewers question their contribution to the literature. The value of your theoretical contribution is the primary criterion when evaluating a theory paper, so explaining your contribution is critical in the discussion section. 虽然在讨论部分包含这五个要素至关重要，但前四个要素不必按照此处呈现的顺序排列。例如，如果你的未来研究机会直接源于理论贡献部分，你可能会在讨论第3要素之前先讨论第4要素。这里的挑战在于将讨论部分建立在你的理论发展基础上，使得讨论部分能够基于你提出的理论观点展开，并激发对这些观点的兴趣。当作者讨论与他们的理论贡献无关的问题时，审稿人会质疑他们对文献的理解。此外，当作者撰写的讨论部分明显重复时，审稿人会质疑他们对文献的贡献。理论贡献的价值是评估理论论文的主要标准，因此在讨论部分解释你的贡献至关重要。

EXERCISE 7: ABSTRACT AND PAPER TITLE DEVELOPMENT

练习7：摘要和论文标题的拟定

The purpose of this last exercise is to help you articulate what should be in the paper’s abstract and the title. This is what everyone will read and is your opportunity to make a stellar first impression on the reader! We’ve placed this exercise last because it is much easier to create an impactful abstract after you have completed all other aspects of the theory paper. The aim of the abstract is to give readers a strong sense of what is in the manuscript, but also leave them wanting to read more. 这个最后练习的目的是帮助你明确论文摘要和标题中应该包含的内容。这是所有人都会阅读的部分，也是你给读者留下出色第一印象的机会！我们把这个练习放在最后，因为在完成理论论文的所有其他部分之后，更容易创作出有影响力的摘要。摘要的目的是让读者对稿件内容有强烈的感知，同时又能让他们想要继续阅读下去。

The paper elements put forth by Lange and Pfarrer (2017) in their “Sense and Structure” editorial serve as a very useful initial structure for a paper abstract. These elements can help you create a first draft of an abstract, after which you can (and should) refine and update it many times so that it draws readers into the article. Using Lange and Pfarrer’s (2017) structure to create the initial draft of your abstract, write a single sentence in response to each of the prompts below, and then string the five sentences together into a single paragraph: Lange和Pfarrer（2017）在其《Sense and Structure》社论中提出的论文要素，为论文摘要提供了非常有用的初始结构。这些要素可以帮助你创建摘要的初稿，之后你可以（并且应该）对其进行多次修改和更新，以便吸引读者阅读文章。使用Lange和Pfarrer（2017）的结构来创建摘要的初稿，针对以下每个提示写一个句子，然后将这五个句子串联成一个段落：

sentence 1, common ground—“From prior research, we know that …”
sentence 1, common ground—“From prior research, we know that …”

sentence 2, complication—“Yet a complication comes about because …”
句子 2，并发症——“然而，出现了一个并发症，因为……”

sentence 3, concern—“This complication is of concern because … "
句子3，关注点——“这种并发症值得关注，因为……”

sentence 4, course of action—“The course of action to address this concern entails …”
句子 4，行动方案——“解决这一关切的行动方案需要……”

sentence 5, contribution—“This paper contributes to the literature by ..” 句子5，贡献——“本文通过……为文献做出了贡献。”

Following this five-sentence formula is just a starting point; you will need to massage and rework the abstract until it accurately conveys the synopsis of your manuscript. Most authors rework and refine their abstract dozens of times. It is the part of your paper that will be read the most, so it is important that it sounds good and has the appropriate tone. Avoid jargon. Read the abstract aloud to ensure that it flows and makes sense. Ask others who don’t know what your paper is about to read it and provide you with feedback. Are they excited and intrigued after reading your abstract? Does your abstract make them want to read your manuscript? If “yes,” you are on the right track. If “no,” keep revising. 遵循这个五句公式只是一个起点；你需要润色和修改摘要，直到它准确传达你手稿的概要。大多数作者会反复修改和完善他们的摘要数十次。这是你论文中被阅读最多的部分，所以确保它听起来不错且语气恰当很重要。避免使用行话。大声朗读摘要以确保其流畅且有意义。请其他人（他们不知道你的论文内容）阅读摘要并提供反馈。他们读完你的摘要后是否感到兴奋和好奇？你的摘要是否让他们想要阅读你的手稿？如果“是”，说明你走在正确的道路上。如果“否”，继续修改。

The very last step is to create your title. Titles are a valuable opportunity to catch your reader’s attention. Think about titles that have attracted your attention in the past and consider how you might emulate elements from such titles. Will a reader see your title and be curious enough to read the abstract? Does your title make sense, given your abstract and theory paper? Is it too long? Is it accurate enough that search engines will connect your paper to the types of readers you want to attract? Running your title by others is an important feedback mechanism that lets you know if you have come up with a winning title. 最后一步是创建你的标题。标题是吸引读者注意力的宝贵机会。想想过去吸引你注意力的标题，考虑如何借鉴这些标题中的元素。读者看到你的标题后会有足够的好奇心去阅读摘要吗？根据你的摘要和理论论文，你的标题是否合理？标题是不是太长了？它是否足够准确，能让搜索引擎将你的论文与你想要吸引的读者类型联系起来？向他人征求标题建议是一个重要的反馈机制，能让你知道自己是否想出了一个成功的标题。

PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER AND BUILDING OUT THE MANUSCRIPT

整合碎片并构建手稿

We have presented a series of exercises to help you clarify, structure, and concretize the main idea(s) for your theory paper and its theoretical contribution. This information provides you with the foundation for building out the rest of your AMR manuscript. We hope that the information from these exercises helps you coalesce your ideas into a coherent paper consisting of the following elements: abstract, introduction, theoretical background and foundation section, theory development section, and discussion and conclusion section. 我们提供了一系列练习，以帮助你明确、组织和具体化理论论文及其理论贡献的主要观点。这些信息为你构建AMR手稿的其余部分奠定了基础。我们希望这些练习中的信息能帮助你将想法整合为一篇连贯的论文，该论文包含以下要素：摘要、引言、理论背景与基础部分、理论发展部分，以及讨论与结论部分。

Although some senior scholars encourage young scholars to “just start writing,” others caution against this advice. Donald Lange, in an interview in the AMR Origins series (episode 15) stated, “Once you start writing things down, you start falling in love with your own writing and it becomes hard to change things” (Makadok, 2021). Thus, working through these exercises may prove helpful in gaining clarity about your ideas and potential contributions before you start drafting your paper. Further, completing these exercises will help ensure that there is consistency across the different sections of your AMR manuscript. 尽管一些资深学者鼓励年轻学者“直接开始写作”，但另一些人则对这一建议持谨慎态度。唐纳德·兰格（Donald Lange）在《AMR起源》系列访谈（第15集）中表示：“一旦你开始把想法写下来，你就会开始爱上自己的写作，之后就很难再修改内容了”（Makadok, 2021）。因此，在开始撰写论文之前，完成这些练习可能有助于你理清思路并明确自己潜在的贡献。此外，完成这些练习将有助于确保你的AMR手稿不同部分之间保持一致性。

The seven exercises described in this editorial are the underlying “nuts and bolts” of a theory paper. Ultimately, though, how you develop your ideas and write your manuscript is up to you. Take what works from what we have shared and discard what doesn’t work. As you complete the exercises, you are piecing together the edge pieces of your unique puzzle. However, in contrast to a typical puzzle wherein there is only one way that the pieces fit together, your theoretical contribution can be constructed in multiple ways. How that puzzle emerges and the picture it presents is unique to your genius and your contribution. The more you engage in writing theory papers, the easier it becomes, but the exercises shared here provide a launching-off point to get you started. We are excited and anxious to see the creative, unique, and thought-provoking manuscripts that evolve from your engagement in, and integration of, these exercises. 这篇社论中描述的七项练习是理论论文的基础“核心要素”。不过，归根结底，如何发展你的观点并撰写手稿取决于你自己。借鉴我们分享的内容中有用的部分，摒弃无效的部分。当你完成这些练习时，你正在拼凑属于你独特谜题的边缘碎片。然而，与典型的拼图（只有一种拼接方式）不同，你的理论贡献可以通过多种方式构建。这个谜题如何呈现以及它所展现的图景，将因你的智慧和贡献而独一无二。你参与撰写理论论文的次数越多，这个过程就会变得越容易，但我们在这里分享的练习为你提供了一个起步的起点。我们既兴奋又期待看到你在参与和整合这些练习的过程中产生的富有创意、独特且发人深省的手稿。

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